Endo-tracheal tube associated bacterial infection, prevalence and their drug susceptibility pattern in NICU.

Aim of this article is to provide an overview of modifiable and nonmodifiable factor in the development of Nosocomial Infections (NIs) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).Endotracheal tube intubation/Mechanical ventilation is a lifesaving invasive procedure which is associated with their own potential complications, like ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), sepsis, Ventilator associated-tracheo-bronchitis(VAT), acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, Barotrauma and pulmonary edema, which can occur among the patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Among the above listed complication, Neonatal sepsis is the most common and VAP is the second most common encountered Nosocomial infection, which account for the most of the morbidity and mortality in the NICUs and ventilated patients. PubMed, Embase and google scholar have been searched for the articles meeting our criteria,total fourteen articles have been used. Neither any alterations or modifications nor any Software’s were used in this article. In some recent research article and literature, some strategy have been mentioned, which are resulting in better control of Nosocomial infection due to ventilator or endotracheal tube intubation. Gram-negative bacteria are most prevalent in the developing countries and Gram-positive in the developed countries, Klebsiella pneumonia, E. coli and staphylococcus aureus are the most common reason for NIs. Increasing number of NIs and multidrug resistance bacteria are matter of concern for Neonatologist around the world.

Comparative study of the clinical effects of general anesthesia versus combined general and epidural anesthesia in upper abdominal surgery

Fifty two adult patients of both sexes were anaesthetized for uper abdominal surgery and they were allocated into two equal groups. General anaesthesia was performed for the first group and was used as a control. The 2nd group received combined general and epidural analgesia between Th 8-9. Blood pressure, heart rote and blood gases were measured and proved no significant changes between the two groups except post-operative alterations of pa 0[2], which showed a significant change, which suggests improved ventilations. Good operative circumstances were observed in the combined group, in addition to reduction of analgesics, halothane percentage and meuromuscular blockers. Also it improve postoperative analgesia which facilitate early ambulation. Rapid recovery with pain relief help for good cantact with the surroundings. So combined general and epidural anaesthesia in, upper abdominal surgery is preferred